This is part of our House MD Project series.
Click here to read the connection to the episode (spoiler alert!)
photo by Fox
Danger level: High
What is it?
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a condition that damages the immune system – the system in our body responsible for fighting off infections.
Who gets it?
The condition is quite rare. It happens to 1 out of every 50,000 people. It can become evident anytime from infancy to ages 20-40 (but for more than 2/3 of people it happens after age 21).
In some cases, the condition is hereditary.
What causes it?
Our immune system is composed of many types of cells. The function of these cells is to ward off intruders (like bacteria and viruses). One of these types of cells is called B cells. These cells produce special proteins called antibodies. These attach to foreign particles and germs, marking them for destruction.
A type of B cell, as shown under a microscope.
In CVID there’s a mutation in the gene responsible the development and function of B cells. This causes B cells to be defective – they can’t make enough functional antibodies.
The lack of antibodies makes it tough for people with the disorder to fight off infections. Also, vaccines don’t work in these people.
How does it feel?
People with CVID can develop recurrent infections in their lungs, sinuses, or ears.
Over time, recurrent lung infections can lead to chronic lung diseases and life-threatening breathing problems.
These people can also have infections and inflammation in their gastrointestinal tract, leading to bloating, diarrhea, decreased absorption of nutrients, and weight loss.
About 20% of people with CVID also develop autoimmune diseases – these occur when the immune system attacks the body instead of intruders. They are also at higher risk of developing cancer.
This video shows the example of Adam Brock, a 14 year old with the condition:
How is it discovered?
It can be discovered by a blood test, which will show low levels of antibodies in the blood.
How is it treated?
Treatment consists of injecting antibodies from donors into the blood of the person with the disease (watch the video above to see how this happens). This isn’t a cure and needs to be repeated over and over again.
The bottom line – How do I avoid it?
If the condition runs in your family, a genetic counseling before pregnancy may help prevent the birth of a child with the condition.
When you do have the disease, receiving the antibody treatment can help avoid the recurrent infections.
What next?
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- Neuroblastoma – The Most Common Cancer in Infants
- Osteosarcoma–The Most Common Bone Cancer in Children (As Seen on House MD)
